Code Switching in EFL Classroom Discourse: Teachers’ Function, Learners’ Voice, and Language Choice

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of English Language Teaching, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran

2 M. A. in TEFL, Khatam University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Employing code switching as an instructional medium in the foreign language classroom has proved to be controversial. Moreover, learners’ voice and implementing learners’ power in the classroom context can be pursued in English as a foreign language (EFL) classroom code switching. The goal of the current study was to examine how language choice and code-switching by instructors and students function in EFL classroom conversations. To do so, a qualitative study was designed, and the data were collected by means of in-depth live observations of four classes encompassing 50 intermediate-level EFL learners and interviews with EFL teachers of the aforementioned classes, as well as 600 minutes of the classroom interactions recorded in the observed sessions. Based on the descriptive and empirical methods used to analyze the data, code switching was widely used in intermediate EFL classrooms. The learners also used code switching to satisfy their immediate needs pertaining to facilitated learning. Finally, the teachers used code switching as a facilitating factor to enhance their learners’ understanding of pragmatic and socio-cultural aspects of the English language. Furthermore, the inter-sentential form of code switching was the most common one among the students followed by intra-sentential code switching and tag-switching. Different functions of code switching were also identified, and the learners’ errors were specified as the trigger to this phenomenon. These errors were analyzed and proved to be of pragmatic, semantic, and structural types, with the first one taking priority over the other two. The findings of the present study can help develop the interlanguage research, especially on bilingual and multilingual grounds. Both linguists and applied linguists can use the study findings in the future research on L2 classrooms. Moreover, EFL teachers and leaners can benefit from the study findings in their language choice in the L2 classroom for more clarified communication.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Allwright, D. (1988). Observation in The Language Classroom. Longman.
Almelhi, A. M. (2020). Understanding code-switching from a sociolinguistic perspective: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Language and Linguistics8(1), 34-45.
Ataş, U. & Sağın-Şimşek, Ç. (2021). Discourse and educational functions of students’ and teachers’ code-switching in EFL classrooms in Turkey. Linguistics and Education65, 100981.
Banaruee, H., Farsani, D. & Khatin-Zadeh, O. (2023, April). Culture in English Language Teaching: A curricular evaluation of English textbooks for foreign language learners. Frontiers in Education, 8, 1012786.
Bhatti, A., Shamsudin, S. & Said, S. B. M. (2018). Code-switching: A useful foreign language teaching tool in EFL classrooms. English Language Teaching11(6), 93-101.
Blom, J. & Gumperz. J. (1972). Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of Communication. Rinehart and Winston.
Botztepe, E. (2003). Issues in code-switching: Competing theories and models. Working papers in TESOL and Applied Linguistics, 3(2), 1-27.
Bran, E. (2015). Using L1 in the classroom: Monolingual and bilingual approaches. Research and Science Today10(2), 175-181.
Caballero, N. & Celaya, M. L. (2022). Code-switching by primary school bilingual EFL learners: A study on the effect of proficiency and modality of interaction. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism25(1), 301-313.
Cancino, M. & Díaz, G. (2020). Exploring the code-switching behaviors of Chilean EFL high school teachers: A function-focused approach. Profile: Issues in Teachers’ Professional Development22(2), 115-130.
Cazden, C. B. (2001). Classroom discourse: The language of teaching and learning. 2nd ed., Routledge.
Cook, V. (2001). Using the first language in the classroom. The Canadian Modern Language Review, 57(3), 402-423.
Daneshgar, M. (2023). Bilingualism or multilingualism impact on language skills of graduated students of Iran’s high schools. Language Science, 10(18), 279-308.  
David, M. K. (2003). The Pakistani community in Machang, Kelantan: Reasons for language shift. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 161, 47-53.
Djalilova, Z. (2023). Language learning strategies and their implication for teaching English. Центральноазиатский журнал образования и инноваций2(11), 18-22.
Dolea, A. (2018). Public diplomacy as co‐constructed discourses of Engagement. In Johnston, K. A. & Taylor, M. (Eds.), The handbook of communication engagement (pp. 331-345).
Edmonson, W. (2004). Code-switching and world-switching in foreign language classroom discourse. In House, J.& Rehbain, J. (Eds.), Multilingual communication (pp.155-178), John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Ellis, R. (2008). The study of second language acquisition. 2nd ed., Oxford University Press.
Greggio, S. & Gil, G. (2007). Teacher’s and learners’ use of code switching in the English as a foreign language classroom: A qualitative study. Linguagem & Ensivo, 10(2), 371-393.
Grosjean, F. (1982). Life with two Languages: An introduction to bilingualism. Harvard University Press.
Gumperz, J. J. (1982). Conversational Code-Switching in Discourse Strategies.
Gundarina, O. & Simpson, J. (2022). A monolingual approach in an English primary school: practices and implications. Language and Education36(6), 523-543.
Heller, M. (ed.) 1988. Code Switching. Anthropological and Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Mouton de Gruyter.
Hiver, P., Al-Hoorie, A. H., Vitta, J. P. & Wu, J. (2024). Engagement in language learning: A systematic review of 20 years of research methods and definitions. Language Teaching Research28(1), 201-230.
Hu, Y., Afzaal, M. & Alfadda, H. (2022). The perceptions of international learners toward teacher code-switching in the elementary and intermediate Chinese foreign language classrooms. Frontiers in Psychology13, 22-36.
Hymes, D. (Ed.). (2001). Foundations in Sociolinguistics: An Ethnographic Approach. Psychology Press.
Jehma, H. (2022). Virtual versus physical code-Switching in English language classrooms. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning17(21), 52-63.
Kley, K. (2021). Intersubjectivity in co-constructed test Discourse: What is the role of L2 speaking ability? In Czerwionka, L. Showstack, R. & Liskin-Gasparro J. (Eds.), Contexts of co-constructed discourse (pp. 183-208), Routledge.
Krashen, S. (1981). Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning. Pergamon.
Kroskrity, P. V. (2000). Language ideologies in the expression and representation of Arizona. Applied Linguistics, 24, 143-152.
Larsen-Freeman, D. (2000). Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching. 2nd ed., Oxford University Press.
Maftoon, P. & Amjadiparvar, A. (2022). Teachers’ code-switching in EFL classes in Iran. Journal of Linguistic Studies Theory and Practice, 1(1), 15-31.  
Mahmoudi, L. (2011). The use of Persian in the EFL classroom. The case of English teaching and learning at pre-university level in Iran. English Language Teaching, 4(1), 123-142.
Malik, L. (1994). Sociolinguistics: A Study of Code Switching. Anmol.
Mazlum, F. (2024). When to start teaching English? A comparative study of English language policymaking in Iran and Asian nations. Iranian Journal of Comparative Education6(4), 2783-2804.
Merrit, M., Cleghorn, A., Abagi, J. & Bunyi, G. (1992). Socializing multilingualism: Determinants of code-switching in Kenyan primary classrooms. In Eastman, C. (Ed.), Code switching (pp.103-124), Multilingual Matters. 
Meyer, H. (2008). The pedagogical implications of L1 use in the L2 classroom. Maebashi Kyoai Gakuen College Ronsyu8, 147-159.
Mohamed, M., Razak, N. A. & Wahi, W. (2023). Peer-and self-assessment in primary school english language classrooms. World Journal of English Language13(7), 243-252.
Myles, J. (2002). Second language writing and research: The writing process and error analysis in student texts. TESL-EJ6(2), 1-20.
Nation, P. (2003). The role of the first language in foreign language learning. The Asian EFL Journal, 5(2), 111-123.
Paragae, I. P. N. S. (2023). Innovative teaching strategies in teaching English as a foreign language. English Teaching and Linguistics Journal (ETLiJ)4(1), 1-9.
Pintado Gutiérrez, L. (2021). Translation in language teaching, pedagogical translation, and code-switching: Restructuring the boundaries. The Language Learning Journal49(2), 219-239.
Poplack, S. (1980). Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish. Toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics, 18(7/8), 581-618.
Puspawati, I. (2018). Teachers’ use of code switching in EFL classroom and its functions. Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Learning3(1), 42-51.
Ramírez Balderas, I. & Guillén Cuamatzi, P. M. (2018). Self and peer correction to improve college students’ writing skills. Profile Issues in Teachers Professional Development20(2), 179-194.
Romaine, S. (1995). Bilingualism. 2nd ed., Blackwell.
Sanei, T. (2022). Globalization, linguistic markets, and nuanced identity performances: Farsi-English code-switching in Iran. International Multilingual Research Journal16(2), 163-180.
Shokirovna, D. S. (2023). Difficulties in teaching English as a foreign language. American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education (2993-2769)1(9), 136-140.
Suliman, W. (2024). Using self-and peer-correction to enhance college students’ writing ability. Journal of the Nordic Academy of Wisdom, 2(12), 170-186.
Temesgen, A. & Hailu, E. (2022). Teachers’ code-switching in EFL classrooms: Functions and motivations. Cogent Education9(1), 2124039.
Toufaha, S. (2024). The Effect of Automated Error Corrective Feedback on The Improvement of EFL Learners’ Writing and Autonomy. Doctoral dissertation, University Kasdi Merbah Ouargla.
Van Ha, X. & Murray, J. C. (2021). The impact of a professional development program on EFL teachers’ beliefs about corrective feedback. System96, 102405.
Wei, L. & Milroy, L. (1995). Conversational code-switching in a Chinese community in Britain: A sequential analysis. Journal of Pragmatics, 23(3), 281-299.
Yletyinen, H. (2004). The Functions of Code Switching in EFL Classroom Discourse. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Jyvaskyla.